Definitions and Descriptions.
D |
---|
DarkMarketA DarkMarket is a form of underground marketplace that exists on the dark web, where users can purchase illicit goods and services and remain anonymous. Traders on dark markets typically use virtual currencies and other financial methods that make their transactions untraceable. Also called a dark web black market. | |
Data CarvingData carving is a technique used to recover deleted, damaged, or fragmented files from storage media, unallocated disk space, or raw data sources. It relies on identifying and extracting file signatures or patterns to reconstruct files, even when their metadata or directory entries are missing or corrupted. Data carving is vital in retrieving valuable evidence that has been intentionally deleted or overwritten. | |
Data written to HDDsAn analog hard disk drive (HDD) is a type of storage device that uses a spinning disk to store data. The data is written to the disk using a magnetic head, which reads and writes data to the surface of the disk. There are three main methods of writing data to an analog HDD: longitudinal recording, perpendicular recording, and shingle recording.
Overall, the method of writing data to an analog HDD can have a significant impact on the capacity and performance of the device. Perpendicular recording and shingle recording allow for higher data density and capacity, but may also be more complex and require more advanced technology. | ||
Data written to SSDsSolid-state drives (SSDs) are a type of storage device that use non-volatile memory to store data. Unlike traditional hard drives, which use spinning disks to store data, SSDs do not have any moving parts and are therefore faster and more durable. However, SSDs have some limitations compared to hard drives, particularly in terms of write endurance and wear leveling. In order to maximize the lifespan of an SSD and ensure that it performs optimally, it is important to understand how data is written to an SSD and how these limitations are addressed. Write endurance refers to the number of times that data can be written to and erased from an SSD before it begins to degrade. SSDs have a finite number of write cycles, and if they are exceeded, the performance of the SSD can begin to degrade. In order to address this issue, SSDs use a process called wear leveling, which evenly distributes writes across the entire drive in order to prevent any one area from being written to excessively. This helps to extend the lifespan of the SSD by ensuring that all areas of the drive are used evenly. Another factor that affects the performance of an SSD is the type of non-volatile memory used to store data. SSDs use either single-level cell (SLC) or multi-level cell (MLC) memory, with SLC being faster and more durable but also more expensive. SLC memory stores one bit of data per cell, while MLC memory stores two or more bits per cell. This allows MLC memory to store more data in a smaller space, but it also results in slower write speeds and a lower write endurance compared to SLC memory. In conclusion, data is written to an SSD by storing it in non-volatile memory cells, which can be either SLC or MLC. In order to extend the lifespan of the SSD and ensure optimal performance, the write endurance of the drive is managed through wear leveling, which evenly distributes writes across the drive. The type of memory used in the SSD, SLC or MLC, can also impact the performance of the drive. | |
DebuggerA debugger is a software tool used to identify and fix errors or bugs in computer programs. It allows a developer to step through the execution of a program line by line, examining the values of variables and the behavior of the program at each step. This helps the developer to identify the root cause of an error and make necessary corrections. Examples of debugger functions include:
Some common debugger tools include GDB, EDB, and Immunity DB. A debugger allows developers to step through their code line by line, examining the values of variables and the flow of the program. This can be useful for finding vulnerabilities because it allows developers to see exactly what is happening at each step of the program, which can help identify potential problems or vulnerabilities. For example, a debugger could be used to identify a SQL injection vulnerability in a web application. By stepping through the code, the developer could see exactly where and how user input is being passed to a database query, and identify any weaknesses in the input validation that could be exploited by an attacker. Another example could be identifying a buffer overflow vulnerability in a C program. By stepping through the code, the developer could see where and how user input is being stored in memory, and identify any potential problems with how much data is being stored compared to the size of the buffer. Overall, a debugger is a valuable tool for finding vulnerabilities because it allows developers to closely examine the behavior of their code and identify any potential weaknesses or security issues. | |
DFIRDigital forensics and incident response (DFIR) is the process of identifying, preserving, analyzing, and presenting digital evidence in a way that is legally admissible. It is often used in the context of cybersecurity and cybercrime investigations, but it can also be applied in other areas, such as civil and criminal cases involving electronic evidence. DFIR typically involves several steps:
Here is an example of how DFIR might be used:
Another example:
| |
Digital forensicsDigital forensics is the process of identifying, collecting, preserving, analyzing, and presenting digital evidence from various sources (e.g., computers, mobile devices) in a manner admissible in legal proceedings or incident response investigations. It involves the application of specialized tools and techniques to uncover and interpret digital artifacts related to cybercrime or security incidents. | |
Disk repairDisk repair is the process of addressing errors, reclaiming bad or corrupted sectors, recovering from logical failures, or repairing damage on a computer disk or storage device. This can involve various techniques and tools to diagnose and resolve issues such as bad sectors, file system errors, partition problems, and other disk-related problems. Disk repair aims to restore the functionality and integrity of the disk so that data can be accessed and stored reliably. | |
DissasemblerA disassembler is a program that translates machine code into assembly code. Assembly code is a low-level programming language that is specific to a particular computer architecture and is more easily understood by humans than machine code. A disassembler is often used for reverse engineering, debugging, and analyzing malware. Here is an example of how a disassembler might translate a simple machine code program:
Machine code:
10011010 00011000 00010010 00000000 01011010 00011001 00010010 00000000 00010000 00000000 00000000 00000000 mov ax, 12 mov bx, 18 nop In a digital forensic investigation, a disassembler can be used to reverse engineer an executable file in order to understand how it works and potentially uncover any malicious behavior. For example, if a forensic investigator is examining a suspicious software program that is suspected of being malware, they might use a disassembler to examine the underlying assembly code. This would be done in order to understand how the program functions and to look for any signs of malicious behavior, such as code that is designed to evade detection or steal sensitive data. In addition to helping forensic investigators understand how a particular piece of software works, a disassembler can also be used to identify and analyze software vulnerabilities, recover lost or deleted code, and aid in the development of custom software tools. Disassemblers are available both commercially and as open-source. Some popular examples include IDA Pro, Radare2, and Ghidra. | |